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The Titration Process Titration is the method of determining chemical concentrations by using the standard solution. The process of titration requires dissolving or diluting the sample and a highly pure chemical reagent called the primary standard. The titration technique is based on the use of an indicator that changes color at the endpoint of the reaction to indicate the completion. The majority of titrations are conducted in aqueous solutions, however glacial acetic acids and ethanol (in petrochemistry) are sometimes used. Titration Procedure The titration method is well-documented and a proven method for quantitative chemical analysis. It is employed by a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals and food production. Titrations can be performed either manually or using automated equipment. A titration is the process of adding a standard concentration solution to a new substance until it reaches its endpoint or equivalence. Titrations are performed using various indicators. The most commonly used are phenolphthalein and methyl orange. These indicators are used as a signal to indicate the conclusion of a test and to ensure that the base has been neutralized completely. You can also determine the point at which you are with a precision instrument such as a calorimeter, or pH meter. The most commonly used titration is the acid-base titration. They are used to determine the strength of an acid or the amount of weak bases. To determine this it is necessary to convert a weak base transformed into its salt, and then titrated using an acid that is strong (such as CH3COONa) or an acid strong enough (such as CH3COOH). The endpoint is usually indicated by using an indicator like methyl red or methyl orange, which turns orange in acidic solutions and yellow in neutral or basic ones. Another type of titration that is very popular is an isometric titration, which is typically used to measure the amount of heat produced or consumed in an reaction. Isometric measurements can be done with an isothermal calorimeter, or a pH titrator that determines the temperature of the solution. There are many factors that can cause failure of a titration due to improper handling or storage of the sample, improper weighting, inconsistent distribution of the sample, and a large volume of titrant that is added to the sample. To avoid these errors, a combination of SOP compliance and advanced measures to ensure the integrity of data and traceability is the most effective method. This will minimize the chances of errors occurring in workflows, particularly those caused by handling of samples and titrations. It is because titrations can be performed on small quantities of liquid, making the errors more evident than they would with larger batches. Titrant The titrant solution is a solution of known concentration, which is added to the substance to be test. This solution has a property that allows it to interact with the analyte to trigger an controlled chemical reaction, which results in neutralization of the base or acid. The endpoint is determined by observing the color change, or using potentiometers to measure voltage with an electrode. The volume of titrant dispensed is then used to calculate the concentration of the analyte in the original sample. Titration can be done in a variety of ways, but most often the titrant and analyte are dissolved in water. Other solvents, like glacial acetic acid, or ethanol, may also be used for specific purposes (e.g. Petrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that specializes in petroleum. The samples have to be liquid to perform the titration. There are steps for titration of titrations: acid-base diprotic acid titrations and complexometric titrations, and redox titrations. In acid-base titrations, the weak polyprotic acid is titrated against a strong base and the equivalence point is determined through the use of an indicator such as litmus or phenolphthalein. These kinds of titrations are typically used in labs to determine the concentration of various chemicals in raw materials such as oils and petroleum products. Titration is also used in the manufacturing industry to calibrate equipment as well as monitor the quality of finished products. In the industry of food processing and pharmaceuticals Titration is a method to test the acidity or sweetness of foods, and the moisture content of drugs to make sure they have the proper shelf life. The entire process can be controlled by a Titrator. The titrator has the ability to instantly dispensing the titrant, and monitor the titration to ensure an apparent reaction. It also can detect when the reaction has been completed, calculate the results and save them. It will detect when the reaction has not been completed and stop further titration. The advantage of using an instrument for titrating is that it requires less training and experience to operate than manual methods. Analyte A sample analyzer is a piece of pipes and equipment that takes the sample from the process stream, then conditions it if required and then transports it to the right analytical instrument. The analyzer may test the sample by using several principles, such as conductivity measurement (measurement of anion or cation conductivity) as well as turbidity measurements, fluorescence (a substance absorbs light at a certain wavelength and emits it at a different wavelength) or chromatography (measurement of particle size or shape). A lot of analyzers add reagents the samples to enhance the sensitivity. The results are documented in a log. The analyzer is used to test liquids or gases. Indicator An indicator is a chemical that undergoes a distinct observable change when conditions in the solution are altered. This change is often colored but it could also be bubble formation, precipitate formation or temperature changes. Chemical indicators are used to monitor and control chemical reactions, including titrations. They are often found in labs for chemistry and are helpful for classroom demonstrations and science experiments. Acid-base indicators are the most common type of laboratory indicator used for testing titrations. It is composed of two components: a weak base and an acid. The indicator is sensitive to changes in pH. Both the base and acid are different colors. Litmus is a reliable indicator. It turns red in the presence acid and blue in presence of bases. Other indicators include phenolphthalein and bromothymol blue. These indicators are used for monitoring the reaction between an acid and a base. They can be extremely useful in determining the exact equivalence of test. Indicators are made up of a molecular form (HIn), and an Ionic form (HiN). The chemical equilibrium between the two forms varies on pH and adding hydrogen to the equation causes it to shift towards the molecular form. This results in the characteristic color of the indicator. The equilibrium is shifted to the right away from the molecular base, and towards the conjugate acid, after adding base. This is the reason for the distinctive color of the indicator. Indicators are most commonly employed in acid-base titrations but they can also be used in other kinds of titrations like Redox Titrations. Redox titrations may be a bit more complex but the principles remain the same. In a redox test the indicator is mixed with a small amount of base or acid to adjust them. The titration is completed when the indicator's colour changes in reaction with the titrant. The indicator is removed from the flask and then washed to get rid of any remaining titrant.